Introduction
Nowadays, our modern society and lifestyle requiring longer hours of work, more shift-work, and 24-7 availability of commodities thus reducing the average duration of sleep with increased of fatique, tiredness and excessive daytime sleepiness. In addition, the job stressor, and other emotional stressors impact to quality and quantity of sleep.
Lack of sleep exerts deleterious effects on a variety of systems with detectable changes in metabolic, endocrine and immune pathways. Too little or too much sleep are associated with adverse health outcomes, including total mortality, type 2 diabetes, hypertension, and respiratory disorders, obesity in both children and adults, and poor self-rated health. The relationship between duration of sleep and vascular events is U-shaped, suggesting that different mechanisms may operate at either end of the distribution of sleep duration
The Evidence
On Feb. 14, 2011 -- The Researchers had just published their result of trial. The Trial showed that Both short and long sleep duration are associated with increased risk for cardiovascular events. In the trial, ‘short’ sleep was defined as ≤5–6 h per night and ‘long’ sleep as >8–9 h per night.
From the study, there is an increased risk of developing or dying of Cardiovascular disease and stroke on either end of the distribution of sleep duration. Pooled analyses indicate that short sleepers have a greater risk of Cardiovascular disease and stroke than those sleeping 7–8 h per night. Furthermore, long sleepers also show an increased risk for these events, confirming the presence of a U-shape association.
The results are consistent with other evidence of increased risk of cardiovascular risk factors like coronary artery calcifications, hypertension, obesity, type 2 diabetes or impaired glucose control, and atherogenic lipid profile with shorter duration of sleep. However, in the analysis, while the pooled estimates for CHD and stroke were statistically significant, that for total CVD was not. Residual confounding and lack of specificity of the outcome measures may explain the findings. Short duration of sleep has been recently associated with vascular damage. In the Chicago cohort of the CARDIA study, short duration of sleep measured by actigraphy was associated with a greater 5-year incidence of coronary artery calcifications measured by computed tomography. In a population study in Germany, both short and long duration of sleep were associated with an increased risk of atherosclerosis, as measured by the intima–media thickness of the common carotid arteries.
The Possible Mechanism
From the prospective study, we can see that there is a correlation between sleep duration and cardiovascular outcomes.
So, we admit to seek the possible underlying mechanism. Causative mechanisms relating short duration of sleep to adverse health outcomes include reciprocal changes in circulating levels of leptin and ghrelin, which in turn would increase appetite, caloric intake, reduce energy expenditure, and facilitate the development of obesity and impaired glycaemic control with increased cardiovascular risk. Increased cortisol secretion and altered growth hormone metabolism have also been implicated. Low-grade inflammation is also activated during short sleep, with possible implications not only for CVD but also for other chronic conditions including cancer.
The association between long duration of sleep and cardiovascular morbidity and mortality may be explained by residual confounding and co-morbidities. In particular, depressive symptoms, low socio-economic status, unemployment, low level of physical activity, and undiagnosed health conditions have all been shown to be associated with long duration of sleep and to confound the association with morbidity and mortality. It is conceivable that the associations between long duration of sleep and the different cardiovascular outcomes may reflect the role of long sleep as a marker, rather than as a cause, of these chronic conditions. A recent intervention study of weight reduction, healthy diet, and increased physical activity showed, compared with a control group, a significant reduction in the 7-year incidence of type-2 diabetes among long sleepers, supporting the view that long sleep may be an indicator of risk, reversible upon changes in the risk factors.
Take Home Messages
Everyone need a sleep, not only the quantity but also the quality of sleep. In order to achieve good relaxation and recharge our spirit. Our modern society is demanding longer work period and lots of stressors. Thus reducing the quantity and quality of the sleep.
Sleep eventhough we know as a relaxation time, but our body is working harder to resynchronize our organ, if we don't have the quantity and quality of sleep, our body don't synchronize well, It will cause a health problems. One of them is cardiovascular problems. Some neurohormonal disturbance is occurs and causing degeneration process of the vessels leads to cardiovascular disease.
So, to Stay Healthy, include a good sleep in the healthy lifestyle.
Nowadays, our modern society and lifestyle requiring longer hours of work, more shift-work, and 24-7 availability of commodities thus reducing the average duration of sleep with increased of fatique, tiredness and excessive daytime sleepiness. In addition, the job stressor, and other emotional stressors impact to quality and quantity of sleep.
Lack of sleep exerts deleterious effects on a variety of systems with detectable changes in metabolic, endocrine and immune pathways. Too little or too much sleep are associated with adverse health outcomes, including total mortality, type 2 diabetes, hypertension, and respiratory disorders, obesity in both children and adults, and poor self-rated health. The relationship between duration of sleep and vascular events is U-shaped, suggesting that different mechanisms may operate at either end of the distribution of sleep duration
The Evidence
On Feb. 14, 2011 -- The Researchers had just published their result of trial. The Trial showed that Both short and long sleep duration are associated with increased risk for cardiovascular events. In the trial, ‘short’ sleep was defined as ≤5–6 h per night and ‘long’ sleep as >8–9 h per night.
From the study, there is an increased risk of developing or dying of Cardiovascular disease and stroke on either end of the distribution of sleep duration. Pooled analyses indicate that short sleepers have a greater risk of Cardiovascular disease and stroke than those sleeping 7–8 h per night. Furthermore, long sleepers also show an increased risk for these events, confirming the presence of a U-shape association.
The results are consistent with other evidence of increased risk of cardiovascular risk factors like coronary artery calcifications, hypertension, obesity, type 2 diabetes or impaired glucose control, and atherogenic lipid profile with shorter duration of sleep. However, in the analysis, while the pooled estimates for CHD and stroke were statistically significant, that for total CVD was not. Residual confounding and lack of specificity of the outcome measures may explain the findings. Short duration of sleep has been recently associated with vascular damage. In the Chicago cohort of the CARDIA study, short duration of sleep measured by actigraphy was associated with a greater 5-year incidence of coronary artery calcifications measured by computed tomography. In a population study in Germany, both short and long duration of sleep were associated with an increased risk of atherosclerosis, as measured by the intima–media thickness of the common carotid arteries.
The Possible Mechanism
From the prospective study, we can see that there is a correlation between sleep duration and cardiovascular outcomes.
So, we admit to seek the possible underlying mechanism. Causative mechanisms relating short duration of sleep to adverse health outcomes include reciprocal changes in circulating levels of leptin and ghrelin, which in turn would increase appetite, caloric intake, reduce energy expenditure, and facilitate the development of obesity and impaired glycaemic control with increased cardiovascular risk. Increased cortisol secretion and altered growth hormone metabolism have also been implicated. Low-grade inflammation is also activated during short sleep, with possible implications not only for CVD but also for other chronic conditions including cancer.
The association between long duration of sleep and cardiovascular morbidity and mortality may be explained by residual confounding and co-morbidities. In particular, depressive symptoms, low socio-economic status, unemployment, low level of physical activity, and undiagnosed health conditions have all been shown to be associated with long duration of sleep and to confound the association with morbidity and mortality. It is conceivable that the associations between long duration of sleep and the different cardiovascular outcomes may reflect the role of long sleep as a marker, rather than as a cause, of these chronic conditions. A recent intervention study of weight reduction, healthy diet, and increased physical activity showed, compared with a control group, a significant reduction in the 7-year incidence of type-2 diabetes among long sleepers, supporting the view that long sleep may be an indicator of risk, reversible upon changes in the risk factors.
Take Home Messages
Everyone need a sleep, not only the quantity but also the quality of sleep. In order to achieve good relaxation and recharge our spirit. Our modern society is demanding longer work period and lots of stressors. Thus reducing the quantity and quality of the sleep.
Sleep eventhough we know as a relaxation time, but our body is working harder to resynchronize our organ, if we don't have the quantity and quality of sleep, our body don't synchronize well, It will cause a health problems. One of them is cardiovascular problems. Some neurohormonal disturbance is occurs and causing degeneration process of the vessels leads to cardiovascular disease.
So, to Stay Healthy, include a good sleep in the healthy lifestyle.
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